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Es gibt widersprüchliche Beschreibungen dazu im Netz, z.B.:
https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/
Oder:
http://www.sansmirror.com/newsviews/dual-gain-becoming-the-norm.html
Oder auch: http://www.andor.com/learning-academy/dual-amplifier-dynamic-range-scmos-dynamic-range
Was genau ist Dual Gain also ?
https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/
The Dual Gain Architecture simultaneously provides two separate read-out paths from each pixel with different amplification. The first path contains the regular, highly amplified signal. The second path contains a signal with lower amplification, to capture the information that is clipped in the first path. Both paths feed into the camera's A/D converters, delivering a 14 bit image for each path. These images are then combined into a single 16 bit high dynamic range image. This method enhances low light performance and prevents the highlights from being clipped, thereby significantly extending the dynamic range of the image.
Oder:
http://www.sansmirror.com/newsviews/dual-gain-becoming-the-norm.html
In essence, digital sensors don’t actually have a varying response to light: they capture light the same no matter how you set the ISO. If the sensor captured 1000 photons at base ISO and converted them to electrons, the same thing happens at any other ISO you set: only 1000 photons were captured ;~). The ISO value you set, though, determines a switch in capacitance in the charge/volt conversion stage (gain) prior to reading out the data that is used in the sensor to reset the pixel values upwards in the bit values recorded. What dual gain systems do is change the gain value at some particular higher ISO value. Dual gain systems use one gain value with lower ISOs, another when higher ISO values are set.
This dual gain approach was first realized by Aptina, then licensed from them by Sony.
So here’s the sequence:
Photons are absorbed and create electron/hole pairs in the photo diode.
Electrons are collected and stored.
The collected electrons determine the voltage of the storage node.
The voltage in the storage node is increased by a programmable gain amplifier (PGA).
The resulting voltage is fed to the analog-to-digital converter and we get a number to be recorded in the raw data (typically called a DN, or digital number).
Typically, ISO changes are achieved by changing value in the PGA in Step 4. Dual gain sensors change what happens in Step 3. Essentially, starting at some ISO level the capacitance of the storage node is changed so that the final voltage is magnified.
Why do they do that? To reduce a component of read noise at higher ISO values, basically.
The Fujifilm bumps gain at ISO 800, the Sony at ISO 400. But it’s probably the same point in the sensor ;~). Sony uses a base ISO of 100 for the sensor, Fujifilm 200. Why does Fujifilm use a higher ISO value than Sony? Essentially it provides Fujifilm the highlight headroom necessary to implement the "extended range" settings the X system claims to provide, at the penalty of producing a slightly noisier mid-tone than does the Sony implementation.
Oder auch: http://www.andor.com/learning-academy/dual-amplifier-dynamic-range-scmos-dynamic-range
Alle drei Links scheinen wieder etwas leicht anderes zu sagen. Der erste Link behauptet, beide Kanäle werden gleichzeitig gelesen und später kombiniert. Der zweite Link behauptet, je nach ISO wird der eine oder der andere Kanal gewählt. Der dritte Link behauptet sogar, das je nach Pixel der eine oder andere Kanal gewählt wird.The Dual Amplifier architecture of sCMOS sensor CIS 2051 in Neo and Zyla uniquely circumvents the need to choose between low noise or high capacity, in that signal can be sampled simultaneously by both high gain and low gain amplifiers respectively. As such, the lowest noise of the sensor can be harnessed alongside the maximum well depth, affording the widest possible dynamic range.
Traditionally, scientific sensors [...] demand that the user must select 'upfront' between high or low amplifier gain (i.e. sensitivity) settings, depending on whether they want to optimise for low noise or maximum well depth. Since the true dynamic range of a sensor is determined by the ratio of well depth divided by the noise floor detection limit, then choosing either high or low gain settings will restrict dynamic range by limiting the effective well depth or noise floor, respectively.
[...]
The method of combining signal from two 11-bit ADCs can be divided into four basic steps: 1) At the end of the analogue chain the "Signal" voltage is applied to two independent amplifiers: the high gain amplifier and the low gain amplifier. This results in two separate digital data streams from the sensor. 2) In the camera, the FPGA selects which data stream to use on a pixel per pixel, frame by frame basis using a threshold method. 3) The data is then corrected for DC offset and gain. Again, this is done on a pixel by pixel basis using the correction data associated with the data stream. The gain corrects for pixel to pixel relative QE, pixel node amplifier and the high and low amplifier relative gains. 4) The pixels are then combined into a single 16-bit image for transfer to the PC.
Was genau ist Dual Gain also ?
